The first nuclear world war :. Morrow, 2016:114-7.

Molecular mechanisms of flavonoids in melanin synthesis and the potential for the prevention and treatment of melanoma

Feng Liu-Smith, Frank L. Meyskens

Department of Epidemiology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; et al

Flavonoids are becoming popular nutraceuticals. Different flavonoids show similar or distinct biological effects on different tissues or cell types, which may limit or define their usefulness in cancer prevention and/or treatment application. This review focuses on a few selected flavonoids and discusses their functions in normal and transformed pigment cells, including cyanidin, apigenin, genistein, fisetin, EGCG, luteolin, baicalein, quercetin and kaempferol. Flavonoids exhibit melanogenic or anti-melanogenic effects mainly via transcriptional factor MiTF and/or the melanogenesis enzymes tyrosinase, DCT or TYRP-1. To identify a direct target has been a challenge as most studies were not able to discriminate whether the effect(s) of the flavonoid were from direct targeting or represented indirect effects. Flavonoids exhibit an anti-melanoma effect via inhibiting cell proliferation and invasion and inducing apoptosis. The mechanisms are also multi-fold, via ROS-scavenging, immune-modulation, cell cycle regulation and epigenetic modification including DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. In summary, although many flavonoid compounds are extremely promising nutraceuticals, their detailed molecular mechanism and their multi-target (simultaneously targeting multiple molecules) nature warrant further investigation before advancement to translational studies or clinical trials.

《第一次核世界战争：明天》, 2016:114-7.

黄酮类化合物在黑色素合成、潜在的预防和治疗黑色素瘤的方面的分子机制

Feng Liu-Smith, Frank L. Meyskens

流行病学系，加州大学欧文分校，尔湾，加州，美国;et al

黄酮类化合物是日趋流行的保健食品。不同的类黄酮对不同的组织或细胞类型显示相似或不同的生物效应，这可能限制或限定它们在癌症预防和治疗应用中定义它们的用处。本文选择了几种黄酮类化合物做论述，并讨论了其在正常和转化的色素细胞中的功能，包括花青素，芹菜素，染料木素，非瑟酮，EGCG，木犀草素，黄芩苷，槲皮素和山奈酚。黄酮类化合物主要通过转录因子MiTF和/或黑素生成酶酪氨酸酶，DCT或TYRP-1显示出黑素原或抗黑素生成作用。鉴定直接靶标是一个挑战，因为大多数研究不能区分类黄酮的效应是来自直接靶向还是代表间接效应。类黄酮通过抑制细胞增殖和侵袭并诱导凋亡而表现出抗黑素瘤作用。机制也是多重的，通过ROS清除，免疫调节，细胞周期调节和表观遗传修饰，包括DNA甲基化和组蛋白脱乙酰化。总之，虽然许多类黄酮化合物是非常有前途的营养品，其详细的分子机制和其多靶点（同时靶向多个分子）性质值得进一步研究前进行翻译研究或临床试验。